Экстраверсия, психотизм и чувствительность к награде: нейрофизиологические основы двух личностных конструктов

Теория Грея является наиболее влиятельным в настоящее время нейрофизиологическим объяснением личности. Одним из наиболее спорных в этой теории является вопрос о соотношении чувствительности к награде, зависящей преимущественно от активности дофаминергических структур мозга, с личностными конструктами экстраверсии и психотизма. Часть исследователей, включая самого Грея, связывают повышенную активность дофаминергических структур с психотизмом, другие же считают, что она связана с экстраверсией. В настоящей работе высказано предположение, что повышенная активность дофаминергических структур, опосредующая активацию поведения, присуща как экстравертам, так и людям с высоким психотизмом, однако свойственные экстравертам положительная эмоциональность и общительность зависят от других мозговых механизмов, вероятно, от активности опиатной системы мозга. Это положение иллюстрируется в приведенных эмпирических исследованиях, которые показывают, что психометрические шкалы, разработанные для измерения активации поведения, коррелируют либо с экстраверсией, либо с психотизмом в зависимости от того, считали ли создатели этих шкал положительную эмоциональность атрибутом активации поведения или нет. Во втором исследовании продемонстрировано, что в условиях психофизиологического эксперимента шкала активации поведения, связанная с экстраверсией, позволяет выделить испытуемых, у которых в ситуации награды электрофизиологические проявления эмоционального возбуждения выражены в большей степени. В третьем же исследовании показано, что шкала активации, поведения связанная с психотизмом, является одним из наиболее сильных предикторов употребления психоактивных веществ. Экстраверсия также может быть фактором риска, но она предрасполагает и к повышенному чувству субъективного благополучия, стремлению получить образование и установить хорошие отношения с родителями, которые являются факторами защиты от проблемного поведения.

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