Теории раннего вмешательства: перспектива интегративной модели

Научные исследования в области раннего вмешательства привели в течение последних десятилетий к созданию и распространению в различных странах мира междисциплинарных программ, ориентированных на развитие ребенка и поддержку семьи, и программ, направленных на сопровождение становления психического здоровья детей, их социального и эмоционального благополучия. Определение ранней помощи детям и их семьям, закрепленное в Федеральном законе РФ, объединяет положения, характерные для этих направлений раннего сопровождения детей и их семей, что соответствует наблюдаемой в научной литературе тенденции их обсуждения в едином научном поле. Настоящая работа посвящена анализу исследований, представляющих разные теоретические положения и модели раннего вмешательства, их обсуждению с учетом дополнительных научных данных и созданию объединенной теоретической модели раннего вмешательства. Результаты работы свидетельствуют, что при разных теоретических подходах в области раннего вмешательства существует общее понимание множественности контекстов, влияющих на развитие и психическое благополучие ребенка, важности внимания к семье как ведущему контексту развития, к контексту отношений ребенка. Представленная в работе на основании результатов анализа разных подходов интегративная теоретическая модель сочетает положения, характерные как для междисциплинарного раннего вмешательства, ориентированного на снижение влияния на семью и ребенка потенциальных стрессоров контекстов развития, так и раннего вмешательства в области психического здоровья, направленного на повышение качества взаимодействия и отношений в системе «родитель — ребенок».

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