Digital childhood: transformation of the growing-up space, cognitive risks and digital competence

 
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Abstract

Context and relevance. The digital environment acts as a new agent of socialization in contemporary childhood, transforming the social situation of development, cognitive processes, and child-parent relationships. Particular attention is paid to the following issues: the analysis of the digital environment as a tool and a sign, multitasking, the emotional turn, digital parenting, and parental mediation strategies. Objective. To analyze approaches to understanding the digital environment as a factor in child development and to systematize ideas about the risks, opportunities, and the role of adults in the digital age. Research question: what is the status of the digital environment in cultural-historical psychology, and under what conditions does it serve as a resource for a child's development? Methods and materials. This article employed a method of theoretical analysis of Russian and international scientific literature on the research topic. Results. The analysis reveals a lack of consensus regarding the status of digital technologies within the cultural-historical paradigm: they are viewed as cultural tools (Soldatova, Voiskunsky), as a hybrid of tool and sign (Rubtsova), and as a phenomenon that undermines mediation itself (Smirnov). The dual nature of digital influence is shown to manifest in risks (speech development delays, aggression, anxiety, clip thinking) and opportunities (development of cognitive skills, emotional competence, creative thinking). The phenomenon of multitasking is evaluated in polar ways: as an adaptive skill and as a social myth leading to cognitive degradation. The key factor transforming digital technologies from a risk factor into a developmental resource is the presence of an adult capable of restoring the mediated structure of action. Conclusions. The influence of the digital environment is mediated by the presence of an adult, the nature of the content and algorithmic architecture, as well as the age and individual characteristics of the child.

General Information

Keywords: digital environment, digital childhood, agent of socialization, multitasking, digital parenting, parental mediation

Journal rubric: Age-Related Psychology

Article type: scientific article

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/ssc.2026070206

Received 15.06.2026

Revised 23.06.2026

Accepted

Published

For citation: Kochetova, Yu.A., Klimakova, M.V., Merkul, I.A., Emelianova, E.A. (2026). Digital childhood: transformation of the growing-up space, cognitive risks and digital competence. Social Sciences and Childhood, 7(2), 78–96. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17759/ssc.2026070206

© Kochetova Yu.A., Klimakova M.V., Merkul I.A., Emelianova E.A., 2026

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

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Information About the Authors

Yuliya A. Kochetova, Candidate of Science (Psychology), Professor of the Department of Developmental Psychology named after professor L.F. Obukhova, Faculty of Educational Psychology, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russian Federation, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9853-569X, e-mail: kochetovayua@mgppu.ru

Mariya V. Klimakova, Senior Lecturer of the Department of Developmental Psychology named after professor L.F. Obukhova, Faculty of Educational Psychology, Moscow State University of psychology and education, Moscow, Russian Federation, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2048-3105, e-mail: klimakovamv@mgppu.ru

Irina A. Merkul, Candidate of Science (Psychology), Associate Professor of the Department of Developmental Psychology named after Professor L.F. Obukhova, Faculty of Educational Psychology, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russian Federation, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3808-6076, e-mail: merkulia@mgppu.ru

Elizaveta A. Emelianova, Senior Lecturer of the Department of Developmental Psychology named after Professor L.F. Obukhova, Faculty of Psychology of Education, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Moscow, Russian Federation, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5742-5630, e-mail: emelyanovaea@mgppu.ru

Contribution of the authors

Yulia A. Kochetova — research ideas; annotation, supervision of research; analysis of theoretical literature sources on the research topic; writing of the manuscript.

Maria V. Klimakova — analysis of theoretical literature sources on the research topic; writing and design of the manuscript.

Irina A. Merkul — analysis of theoretical literature sources on the research topic, writing of the manuscript.

Elizaveta A. Emelianova — writing and formatting a manuscript; editing and correcting data.

All authors participated in the discussion of the results and approved the final text of the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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