Самый фундаментальный или самый ошибочный из эмпирических вопросов: что такое сознание?*

Аннотация

В статье предлагается обзор концепций и состояний сознания. Состояния сознания рассматриваются от обыденного к измененным и надличностным состояниям. Идет изложение конкурирующих точек зрения на сознание в когнитивных науках, нейропсихологии и психологии животных, развивается представление о перцептуальной осведомленности как основе сознания, потенциально общей для всех живых существ. Автор сводит воедино отдельные нити неореалистических подходов к восприятию и мышлению, феноменологии образов и синестезии и когнитивных теорий метафоры. Он разрабатывает собственную когнитивную теорию мистического опыта, в которой сочетаются медитативные и религиозные описания сознания и ощущение Бытия. Среди других рассматриваемых тем: отношение между сознанием и временем; общие перцептуально-метафорические корни параллелей между сознанием и современной физикой; коллективная основа надличностных состояний, как она отражается в социологии мистицизма и альтернативной интерпретации парапсихологических исследований.

Общая информация

* Публикуемые материалы представляют собой отрывок из книги Г.Т. Ханта «Природа сознания с когнитивной, феноменологической и трансперсональной точек зрения» (М., 2004). Материалы публикуются с разрешения издательства Института трансперсональной психологии. Перевод книги выполнен А. Киселевым. Аннотация и ключевые слова к статье оформлены редакцией журнала «Методология и история психологии» (ред.).

Ключевые слова: феноменология, сознание, Я, междисциплинарный диалог, презентационные состояния, диалог между наукой и религией, самосоотнесение, бытийствование

Рубрика издания: Историко-психологическое введение в проблему

Тип материала: научная статья

Для цитаты: Хант Г. Самый фундаментальный или самый ошибочный из эмпирических вопросов: что такое сознание? // Методология и история психологии. 2009. № 1. С. 61–86.

Литература

  1. Ach N. Determining tendencies: Awareness // Organization and pathology of thought / Ed. D. Rapaport. New York, 1951. P. 15–38.
  2. Arnheim R. Visual thinking. Berkeley; Los Angeles, 1969.
  3. Arnheim R. Art and visual perception. Berkeley; Los Angeles, 1974.
  4. Baars B. A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge, 1988.
  5. Bartlett F. Remembering. Cambridge, 1932.
  6. Bellah R. et al. Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. New York, 1985.
  7. Bergson H. Time and free will. New York, 1960.
  8. Binet A. The psychic life of micro-organisms: A study in experimental psychology. Philadelphia, 1970.
  9. Bion W.R. Learning from experience. London, 1962.
  10. Bowers K. Revisioning the unconscious // Canadian Psychology. 1987. № 28. Р. 93–132.
  11. Brentano F. The distinction between mental and physical phenomena // Realism and the background of phenomenology / Ed. R.M. Chisholm. Glencoe, 1960. P. 39–61.
  12. Cattell R.B. The subjective character of cognition and the presensational development of perception // British Journal of Psychology. 1930. Мonograph № 14.
  13. Chapman J. The early symptoms of schizophrenia // British Journal of Psychology. 1966. № 112. P. 225–251.
  14. Churchland P.S. Reduction and the neurobiological basis of consciousness // Consciousness in contemporary science / Eds. A.J. Marcel, E. Bisiach. Oxford, 1988. P. 273–304.
  15. Cleary T. Timeless spring: A Soto Zen anthology. San Francisco, 1980.
  16. Deikman A. The observing self. Boston, 1982.
  17. Dennett D. Consciousness explained. Boston, 1991.
  18. Dilthey W. The understanding of other persons and their life-expressions // Theories of history / Ed. P. Gardiner. Glencoe, 1959. P. 213–225.
  19. Dixon N.F. Hydrocephalus and «misapplied competence»: Awkward evidence for and against // Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1991. № 14. P. 675–676.
  20. Durkheim E. The elementary forms of the religious life. New York, 1961.
  21. Erickson M., Rossi E. Experiencing hypnosis. New York, 1981.
  22. Fechner G.T. On life after death. Chicago, 1945.
  23. Foucault M. The order of things: An archaeology of the human sciences. New York, 1970.
  24. Frazier J.G. The golden bough: A study in magic and religion. London, 1922.
  25. Freud S. On narcissism // Collected papers. Vol. 4. New York, 1959. P. 30–59.
  26. Gardner H. Frames of mind. New York, 1983.
  27. Gardner H. The mind’s new science: A history of the cognitive revolution. New York, 1985.
  28. Geschwind N. Disconnection syndromes in animals and man // Brain. 1965. № 88. P. 237–294; 585–644.
  29. Globus G. The lucid brain // Paper presented at the Lucidity Association Conference. Chicago, 1990. July.
  30. Globus G. Perceptual meaning and the holoworld // Current advances in semantic theory / Ed. M. Stamenov. Amsterdam, 1992a. P. 75–85.
  31. Globus G. Toward a noncomputational cognitive neuroscience // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1992b. № 4. P. 319–330.
  32. Goleman D. The Buddha on meditation and states of consciousness // Journal of Transpersonal Psychology. 1972. № 4. P. 1–44.
  33. Green C. Lucid dreams. London, 1968a.
  34. Green C. Out-of-body experiences. New York, 1968b.
  35. Heidegger M. Being and time. New York, 1962.
  36. Heidegger M. On time and being. New York, 1972.
  37. Heidegger M. The basic problems of phenomenology. Bloomington, 1982.
  38. Hillman J. The therapeutic value of alchemical language // Dragonflies.1978. P. 33–42.
  39. Hofstadter D. Godel, Escher, Bach: An eternal golden braid. New York, 1979.
  40. Holt R. Imagery: The return of the ostracized // American Psychologist. 1964. № 19. P. 254–264.
  41. Humphrey G. Thinking. New York, 1951.
  42. Hunt H.T. A cognitive psychology of mystical and altered state experience // Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1984. Monograph № 58. Р. 467–513.
  43. Hunt H.T. Relations between the phenomena of religious mysticism and the psychology of thought: A cognitive psychology of states of consciousness and the necessity of subjective states for cognitive theory // Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1985a. Monograph № 61. P. 911–961.
  44. Hunt H.T. Cognition and states of consciousness: The necessity of the empirical study of ordinary and non-ordinary consciousness for contemporary cognitive psychology // Perceptual and Motor Skills. 1985b. Monograph № 60. Р. 239–282.
  45. Hunt H.T. A cognitive reinterpretation of classical introspectionism: The relation between introspection and altered states of consciousness and their mutual relevance for a cognitive psychology of metaphor and felt meaning, with commentaries by D. Bakan, R. Evans, P. Swartz, and response // Annals of Theoretical Psychology. 1986. № 4. P. 245–313.
  46. Hunt H.T. The relevance of ordinary and non-ordinary states of consciousness for the cognitive psychology of meaning // Journal of Mind and Behavior. 1989. № 10. P. 347–360.
  47. Husserl E. The idea of phenomenology. The Hague, 1964.
  48. Irwin H. Flight of mind: A psychological study of the out-of-body experience. Metuchen, 1985.
  49. James W. The principles of psychology. 2 vols. New York, 1890.
  50. James W. The varieties of religious experience. Garden City, 1902.
  51. James W. Essays in radical empiricism and a pluralistic universe. New York, 1971.
  52. Johnson M. The body in the mind: The bodily bases of meaning, imagination, and reason. Chicago, 1987.
  53. Jung C.G. Aion: Researches into the phenomenology of the self // Collected works. Vol 9 (2). Princeton, 1951.
  54. Jung C.G. Psychology and alchemy // Collected works. Vol. 12. Princeton, 1953.
  55. Jung C.G. Two essays on analytical psychology // Collected works. Vol. 7. Princeton, 1960.
  56. Jung C.G. Psychological types // Collected works. Vol. 6. Princeton, 1971.
  57. Kohut H. The restoration of the self. New York, 1977.
  58. Krueger F. The essence of feeling: Outline of a systematic theory // Feelings and emotions / Ed. M. Reymert. Worcester, 1928. P. 58–85.
  59. Lacan J. The four fundamental concepts of psycho-analysis. New York, 1973.
  60. Laing R.D. Knots. New York, 1970.
  61. Lakoff G. Women, fine and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind. Chicago, 1987.
  62. Lasch C. The culture of narcissism. New York, 1978.
  63. Lewin K. Principles of topological psychology. New York, 1936.
  64. Marcel A. Phenomenal experience and functionalism // A. Marcel and E. Bisiach (eds.). Consciousness in contemporary society. Oxford, 1988. P. 121–158.
  65. Luria A. The working brain. Harmondsworth, New York, 1973.
  66. McNeill D. Hand and mind: What gestures reveal about thought. Chicago, 1992.
  67. Mandler G. Mind and emotion. New York, 1975.
  68. Maslow A. The farther reaches of human nature. New York, 1971.
  69. Mead G.H. Mind, self, and society. Chicago, 1934.
  70. Meltzoff A., Moore M. Imitation in newborn infants: Exploring the range of gestures imitated and the underlying mechanisms // Developmental Psychology. 1989. № 25. Р. 954–962.
  71. Merleau-Ponty M. The primacy of perception and other essays. Evanston, 1964.
  72. Miller G. Trends and debates in cognitive psychology // Cognition. 1981. № 10. Р. 215–225.
  73. Nagel T. What is it like to be a bat? //Philosophical Review. 1974. № 83. Р. 435–450.
  74. Natsoulas T. Basic problems of consciousness // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1981. № 41. Р. 132–178.
  75. Natsoulas T. Concepts of consciousness // Journal of ‘Mind and Behavior. 1983. № 4. Р. 13–59.
  76. Natsoulas T. Towards the improvement of Gibsonian perception theory // Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior. 1984. № 14. Р. 231–258.
  77. Natsoulas T. «I am not the subject of this thought» // Imagination, Cognition, and Personality. 1991–1992. № 11. Р. 279–302.
  78. Natsoulas T. The ecological approach to perception: The place of perceptual content // American Journal of Psychology. 1992. № 102. Р. 443–476.
  79. Neisser U. Cognition and reality. San Francisco, 1976.
  80. Otto R. The idea of the holy. New York, 1958.
  81. Plotkin W. The alpha experience revisited: Biofeedback in the transformation of psychological states // Psychological Bulletin. 1979. № 86. Р. 1132–1148.
  82. Poppel E. Mindworks: Time and conscious experience. Boston, 1988.
  83. Reich W. Character analysis. New York, 1949.
  84. Rorty R. Philosophy and the mirror of nature. Princeton, 1979.
  85. Ryle G. The concept of mind. New York, 1949.
  86. Sartre J.P. A fundamental idea of the phenomenology of Husserl: Intentionality. Unpublished translation by J. Mayer of «Une idee fondamental de la phenomenologie de Husserl», in Situations I. Paris, 1947.
  87. Schacter D., McAndrews M., Moszcovitch M. Access to consciousness: Dissociations between implicit and explicit knowledge in neuropsychological syndromes // Thought without language / Ed. L. Weiskrantz, Oxford, 1988. P. 242–278.
  88. Schacter D. On the relation between memory and consciousness: Dissociable interactions and conscious experience // Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving. Hillsdale / Eds. H. Roediger, F. Craik. 1989. P. 355–389.
  89. Schilderc P. Mind: Perception and thought in their constructive aspects. New York, 1942.
  90. Schutz A. On multiple realities // The problem of social reality. Vol. 1 of Collected papers of Alfred Schutz. The Hague, 1962. P. 207–259.
  91. Searle J. The rediscovery of the mind. Cambridge, 1992.
  92. Stitch S. From folk psychology to cognitive science: The case against belief. Cambridge, 1983.
  93. Tart C. Altered states of consciousness: A book of readings. New York, 1969.
  94. Tarthang Tulku Calm and clear. Berkeley, 1973.
  95. Titchener E. Description vs. statement of meaning // American Journal of Psychology. 1912. № 23. Р. 165–182.
  96. Tylor E. Primitive culture. Vol. 1. New York, 1871.
  97. Varela F., Thompson E., Rosch E. The embodied mind: Cognitive science and human experience. Cambridge, 1991.
  98. Vico G. The new science. Ithaca, 1970.
  99. Von Uexkull J. A stroll through the world of animals and man // Instinctive behavior / Ed. C. Schiller. New York, 1957. Р. 5–80.
  100. Vygotsky L. Thought and language. Cambridge, 1962.
  101. Walsh R. The search for synthesis: Transpersonal psychology and the meeting of East and West, psychology and religion, personal and transpersonal // Journal of Humanistic Psychology. 1992. № 32. Р. 19–45.
  102. Weber M. The sociology of religion. Boston, 1963.
  103. Weiskrantz L. Some contributions of neuropsychology of vision and memory to the problem of consciousness // A.J. Marcel and E. Bisiach (eds.). Consciousness in contemporary science. Oxford, 1988. P. 183–199.
  104. Werner H. Comparative psychology of mental development. New York, 1961.
  105. Werner H., Kaplan B. Symbol formation. New York, 1963.
  106. Winnicott D.W. Playing and reality. New York, 1971.
  107. Wittgenstein L. Philosophical investigations. New York, 1953.
  108. Wittgenstein L. Remarks on the philosophy of psychology: 2 vols. Oxford, 1980.
  109. Wittgenstein L. Last writings on the philosophy of psychology. Vol. 2. Oxford, 1992.

Информация об авторах

Хант Гарри, доктор психологии, профессор психологии в Университете Брока

Метрики

Просмотров

Всего: 1240
В прошлом месяце: 8
В текущем месяце: 4